DISEASE SUMMARY PAGE

Tapeworm Infection in Lagomorphs

Summary Information
Diseases / List of Parasitic Diseases / Disease summary
Alternative Names	Cestode Infection
Disease Agents	*Anoplocephalid* Tapeworms *Cittotaenia ctenoides* (Railliet, 1890) In rabbits in Europe, in the small intestine. This tapeworm reaches about 1 cm width and 80 cm in length. It has a short neck. The scolex measures about 0.5 mm across. The proglottids are broader than they are long, each with two sets of genital organs, placed posteriorally. The legs, about 64 µm diameter, have a pyriform apparatus. (B24) Ctenotaenia ctenoides Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Maximum 10.5 mm wide by 800 mm long with750 proglottids; scolex 320 - 500 µm wide (B614.11.w11) *Mosgovoyia ctenoides* Found in 14% of Lepus europaeus - Brown hare in a mountainous area of southern France, and in 0% of individuals from a lowland area, September-December 2003. (J1.43.w3) Cittotaenia denticulata (Rudolphi, 1804) in rabbits in Europe. This tapeworm has no nock. Scolex diameter 0.8 mm. (B24) Found in 15% of 985 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, UK, 1977 - 1986. (J1.24.w13) Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782) in rabbits and hares in Europe, Asia and America, has a neck; its scolex has a diameter of about 0.25 mm. (B24) Cittotaenia variabilis Reported in wild and domestic lagomorphs in North America. (B614.11.w11) Maximum 10.5 mm wide and 450 mm long, with as many as 750 proglottids. Scolex 320-610 µm long x 370 - 760 µm wide. (B614.11.w11) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in 29% of 45 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from western Kentucky, USA, over a period of 15 months starting winter 1979. (J1.19.w15) Found in 42% of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from the southeastern USA, 1966-1967. (J1.16.w19) Found in 76 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontails (J40.4.w3) Cittotaenia sp. were found in 12/42 (27%) Lepus californicus malanotis (Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit) in north-central Colorado, USA, 1972-1973. (J1.11.w13) Cittotaenia sp. were found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from central Pennsylvania, USA, 1975-1987. Ova were found in 27.0% and averaged 69.1 x 63.8 µm. (J1.16.w18) Cittotaenia sp. were found in 34% of rabbits In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in a high density population on Fishers Island, New York, where they had been introduced. (J40.8.w1) *Mosgovoyia pectinata* Found in Lepus europaeus - Brown hare and Lepus timidus - Mountain hare in Finland, 1976-1981. (J1.19.w14) Found in 29% of 985 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, UK, 1977 - 1986. (J1.24.w13) Found in 17.7% of Lepus saxatilis - Scrub hares from Skukuza, 66% of hares from Pretoriuskop, and one of 14 individuals from Shingwedzi, Kruger National Park, South Africa. (J62.64.w3) *Mosgovoyia pectinata americana* Reported in wild lagomorphs in North America. (B614.11.w11) Maximum 11 mm wide by 198 mm long, up to 270 proglottids. Scolex 150 - 380 µm long x 220 - 480 µm wide. (B614.11.w11) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail in Oklahoma, USA (prevalence 2.2% in adults and 2.9% on juveniles). (J1.26.w14) *Mosgovoyia perplexa* Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Monoecocestus americana Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Maximum 6.5 mm wide by 47 mm long with 95 proglottids; scolex 600 - 700 µm long. (B614.11.w11) Paranoplocephala wimerosa Found in one of 193 Lepus timidus - Mountain hare in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK (1984-1985). (J175.60.w1) *Andrya cuniculi* Found in 17.5% of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Navarra, Spain. (J175.73.w1) Schizorchis spp. Found in pikas (*Ochotona* spp.). (J515.103.w1) *Anoplocephaloides romerolagi* described from the bile duct of wild Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit. (J469.360.w1) Anoplocephaloides sp. found in the intestines of Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit. (J469.360.w1) Life cycle Adults of all the tapeworm species listed above inhabit the small intestine of their definitive host - lagomorphs. (B614.11.w11) Definitive hosts are infected by ingesting intermediate hosts (oribatid mites) that are infected with cysticercoids. (B24, B614.11.w11) *Raillietina* tapeworms The following tapeworms have been reported in wild lagomorphs of North America: (B614.11.w11) *Raillietina salmoni* (=Raillietana stilesialla) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in 53% of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from the southeastern USA, 1966-1967. (J1.16.w19) Raillietina selfi Raellietina stilesiella found in 11% of 45 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from western Kentucky, USA, over a period of 15 months starting winter 1979. (J1.19.w15) Raillietina loeweni "Oryctolagus is susceptible to experimental infection with R. loeweni". (B614.11.w11) Raillietina retractalis Raillietina spp. Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in Sylvilagus palustris - Marsh rabbit in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in Lepus californicus melanotus (Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit) in Kansas, 1956-57. Specimens from one hare were confirmed as Raillietina stilesiella. (J427.63.w1) (B614.11.w11) Life cycle Adults of all the tapeworm species listed above inhabit the small intestine of their definitive host - lagomorphs. (B614.11.w11) Ants are the intermediate host for Raillietana loeweni. Infection of lagomorphs occurs via ingestion of ants infected with cysticercoids. (B614.11.w11)
	Infectious Agent(s)	Cestoda - Tapeworms (Class): Anoplocephalidae - (Family) Cittotaenia variabilis *Mosgovoyia pectinata americana* *Mosgovoyia perplexa* Monoecocestus americana Ctenotaenia ctenoides Anoplocephaloides sp. Raillietina (Genus) *Raillietana salmoni* (=Raillietana stilesialla) Raillietana selfi Raillietana loeweni Raillietana retractalis
	Non-infectious Agent(s)	--
	Physical Agent(s)	--
General Description	Clinical findings A significant burden of adult tapeworms may be associated with the following clinical signs: Digestive disturbances, emaciation. Sometimes fatal. (B24) Catarrhal enteritis (B614.11.w11) Intestinal perforation (B614.11.w11) Intestinal obstruction (B614.11.w11, J1.19.w15) In infection of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail with Cittotaenia variabilis and Raellietina stilesiella it was noted that "their greatest impact may result from physical obstruction." (J1.19.w15) Pathological findings With mature Cittotaenia variabilis tapewoms in the intestines, the intestine is dilated, having a flat, band-like appearance, and being an opaque-yellowish colour. (J40.4.w2) In infection of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail with Cittotaenia variabilis and Raellietina stilesiella it was noted that petechiae were present associated with the cestodes. (J1.19.w15)
Further Information	Note: European rabbits and hares appear to be resistant to superinfestation with different Cittotaenia species, since in more than 1,000 dissections of these lagomorphs it was noted that usually a single adult tapeworm was present and occasionally two, but never two adults of different species, although an adult of one species and immature specimens of another species could be found. (J11.19.w2) In a study of 968 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Surrey, England, 63 double infections were noted; 44 of these involved one Cittotaenia sp. plus Andrya cuniculi, the others involved two Cittotaenia spp.; three triple infections were noted. (J157.67.w1) Treatment Praziquantel: This drug is reported to be highly effective against adult tapeworms, larval stages of some tapeworms, and some trematodes. (B614.11.w11) 5 mg/kg is the recommended dose against intestinal tapeworms. (B614.11.w11) The oral toxic dose of this drug has been reported to be 1000 mg/kg in rabbits. (B614.11.w11) Benzimidazole anthelmintics: These should be effective at doses used against Moniezia sp. (B24) Control Tapeworm infections are not capable of spreading within laboratory animal facilities that are well-maintained. (B614.11.w11) In a study in Oklahoma, USA, prevalence of Mosgovoia pectinata americana was significantly reduced in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from herbicide treated pastures in winter, compared to those from untreated pastures. (J1.26.w14) Occurrence *Cittotaenia ctenoides* (Railliet, 1890) Found in rabbits in Europe, in the small intestine. (B24) Found in European rabbits and hares. (J11.19.w2) Found in 12% of 968 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit during a study in Surrey, England. (J157.67.w1) Found in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in restricted localities within Great Britain - in 24% of rabbits from one area, but in only 5/442 rabbits from throughout Britain. (J175.49.w1) Found in the digestive tract of Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit at Antwerp Zoo. (J469.360.w1) Found in Sylvilagus aquaticus - Swamp rabbit. (J469.151.w1) Cittotaenia denticulata (Rudolphi, 1804) Found in rabbits in Europe. (B24) Found in European rabbits and hares. (J11.19.w2) Found in 15% of 985 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, UK, 1977 - 1986. (J1.24.w13) Found in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Perthshire, Scotland, 1977 - 1999. (J505.31.w1) Found in 8% of 442 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit from throughout Great Britain. (J175.49.w1) In a study of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, found in 11% of 786 rabbits collected 1977 - 1982. (J175.59.w1) Found in less than 10% of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Navarra, Spain. (J175.73.w1) Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic, including the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) Found in 14% of 968 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit during a study in Surrey, England. (J157.67.w1) A seasonal trend in incidence was noted, increasing from July to September then declining, with a very low level in April to June. (J157.67.w1) Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782) Found in rabbits and hares in Europe, Asia and America. (B24) Found in European rabbits and hares. (J11.19.w2) Found in 29% of 968 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit during a study in Surrey, England. (J157.67.w1) Found in 25% of 442 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit from throughout Great Britain, and 7/136 Lepus europaeus - Brown hare and 2/18 Lepus timidus scotius (Lepus timidus - Mountain hare). (J175.49.w1) In a study of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, found in 37% of 786 rabbits collected 1977 - 1982. (J175.59.w1) In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi) from southern Minnesota, USA, 1932-1945, detected in four of 97 rabbits. (J40.11.w1) In a study of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Yorkshire, UK, Cittotaenia pectinata was found in 37%. (J175.73.w2) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail. (J469.136.w1) Found in Lepus timidus - Mountain hare. (J469.495.w1) Cittotaenia variabilis Reported in wild and domestic lagomorphs in North America. (B614.11.w11) Found in about 32% of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail and Sylvilagus transitionalis - New England cottontail in Connecticut, usually with less than six tapeworms per rabbit, but occasionally up to 31 immature and mature worms. (J40.4.w2) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in Sylvilagus palustris - Marsh rabbit in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in 29% of 45 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from western Kentucky, USA, over a period of 15 months starting winter 1979. (J1.19.w15) Found in 42% of 260 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from the southeastern USA, 1966-1967. (J1.16.w19) In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail and Sylvilagus transitionalis - New England cottontail in Connecticut, these tapeworms were found in 32%; generally there were less than six tapeworms per rabbit but the maximum recorded was 31 (mature and immature). Emaciation was often noted, aprticularly when many tapeworms were present. (J40.4.w2) Found in 76 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontails from Iowa, mainly in the posterior small intestine, with one to six parasites per rabbit and sometimes reaching over 30 cm long. (J40.4.w3) Found in 40% of 32 cottontails [probably Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail] in the eastern USA. (J40.7.w1) Found in 26/44 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in California. Usually in the small intestines but one was found in the stomach. Up to 18 individuals per host. (J40.7.w2) In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi) from southern Minnesota, USA, 1932-1945, detected in 27 of 97 rabbits. (J40.11.w1) Found in Sylvilagus transitionalis - New England cottontail. (J469.55.w1) Found in Sylvilagus aquaticus - Swamp rabbit. (J469.151.w1) C. variabilis found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in North Dakota, 1968-1969. (J331.84.w1) In Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail in Alabama, 1939, found in 76% of 50 rabbits, with 1 - 16 adult and up to 33 immature cestodes per host, sometimes appearing to partially obstruct the small intestine. (J332.28.w3) Ctenotaenia variabilis in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail. (J469.136.w1) Found in Sylvilagus audubonii - Desert cottontail. (J469.106.w1) Cittotaenia sp. Found in 12/42 (27%) Lepus californicus malanotis (Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit) in north-central Colorado, USA, 1972-1973. (J1.11.w13) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from central Pennsylvania, USA, 1975-1987. Ova were found in 27.0% and averaged 69.1 x 63.8 um. (J1.16.w18) Found during a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in Virginia. (J524.60.w1) In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi) from southern Minnesota, USA, 1932-1945, detected in eight of 97 rabbits. (J40.11.w1) Found in Sylvilagus palustris - Marsh rabbit. (J469.153.w1) In the small intestines of Lepus townsendii - White-tailed jackrabbit from southwestern North Dakota. (J469.288.w1) In Lepus alleni - Antelope jackrabbit. (J469.424.w1) Cittotaenia perplexa Found in 19% of 32 cottontails [probably Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail] in the eastern USA. (J40.7.w1) In a study of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi) from southern Minnesota, USA, 1932-1945, detected in 32 rabbits. (J40.11.w1) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail. (J469.136.w1) *Mosgovoyia pectinata* Found in Lepus europaeus - Brown hare in 0% of one population and 17.6% of another population) and Lepus timidus - Mountain hare (in 26.7 - 41.2% of hares from different regions) in Finland, 1976-1981. (J1.19.w14) Found in 29% of 985 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in eastern Scotland, UK, 1977 - 1986. (J1.24.w13) Found in 17.7% of from Skukuza, 66% of hares from Pretoriuskop, and one of 14 hares from Shingwedzi, Kruger National Park, South Africa. (J62.64.w3) In a study in Finland, Mosgovoyia pectinata was found in 3/21 juvenile and 0/17 adult Lepus timidus - Mountain hare from two dense populations and in 2/9 juveniles and 0/4 adults from a lower density population (1982 - 1983). (J1.28.w17) Found in 13.5% of 193 Lepus timidus - Mountain hare in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK (1984-1985) and in 80.8% of 26 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the same study. (J175.60.w1) Found in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Perthshire, Scotland, 1977 - 1999. (J505.31.w1) Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic, including the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) In 42 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit from the Isle of Coll, Scotland, UK, 1985, Mosgovoyia pectinata was found in 64.3%, while in brown hares Lepus capensus (Lepus europaeus - Brown hare) from the same location, this tapeworm was found in 20%. (J46.212.w1) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail. (J469.136.w1) *Mosgovoyia pectinata americana* Reported in wild lagomorphs in North America. (B614.11.w11) Detected in 100% of Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail on untreated pastures in Oklahoma, USA. (J1.2.w15) Heavy infections in Sylvilagus bachmani - Brush rabbit. (J469.34.w1) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in North Dakota, 1968-1969. (J331.84.w1) Mosgovotia pectinata moravica Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic. (J11.89.w1) *Mosgovoyia perplexa* Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Mosgovoyia leukarti Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic, including the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) Mosgovoyia ctenoides Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic, including the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia. (J11.89.w1) Mosgovoyia denticulata In 42 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit from the Isle of Coll, Scotland, UK, 1985, this tapeworm was detected in 7.1% of rabbits. (J46.212.w1) Monoecocestus americana Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Ctenotaenia ctenoides Reported in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Europe and *Sylvilagus* spp. in the United States. (B614.11.w11) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in North Dakota, 1968-1969. (J331.84.w1) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail. (J469.136.w1) *Mosgovoyia ctenoides* Found in 14% of Lepus europaeus - Brown hare in a mountainous area of southern France, and in 0% of individuals from a lowland area, September-December 2003. (J1.43.w3) Found in 45.5% of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Navarra, Spain. (J175.73.w1) Found in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Macaronesia. (J11.89.w1) Paranoplocephala wimerosa Found in one of 193 Lepus timidus - Mountain hare in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK (1984-1985); not found in any of 26 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the same study. (J175.60.w1) Found in Lepus timidus - Mountain hare. (J469.495.w1) *Raillietina salmoni* (= Raillietana stilesialla) Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in 53% of 260 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from the southeastern USA, 1966-1967. (J1.16.w19) Found in Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit and Sylvilagus audubonii - Desert cottontail in New Mexico, USA. Prevalence was higher in the cottontails (in 71%) than in the jackrabbits (in one of 35 individuals). (J1.24.w16) In Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail in Alabama, 1939, found in 16 of 50 rabbits, with 1 - 71 adult cestodes per host; these hosts were also infected with Cittotaenia variabilis. (J332.28.w3) Raillietina selfi Reported in wild lagomorphs of North America. (B614.11.w11) Found in Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit (in 43%) and Sylvilagus audubonii - Desert cottontail (in57%) in New Mexico, USA. (J1.24.w16) Raellietina stilesiella Found in 11% of 45 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail from western Kentucky, USA, over a period of 15 months starting winter 1979. (J1.19.w15) Found in Sylvilagus aquaticus - Swamp rabbit. (J469.151.w1) Raillietina loeweni "Oryctolagus is susceptible to experimental infection with R. loeweni". (B614.11.w11) In the small intestines of Lepus townsendii - White-tailed jackrabbit from southwestern North Dakota. (J469.288.w1) Raillietina retractilis (Paroniella retractilis) Reported in wild lagomorphs of North America. (B614.11.w11) Found in 2/44 Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern Cottontail in California. (J40.7.w2) Found in Sylvilagus audubonii - Desert cottontail. (J469.106.w1) Raillietina spp. Found in Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail) in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Found in Sylvilagus palustris - Marsh rabbit in North Carolina, USA. (J11.55.w2) Detected in 66% of 130 Lepus californicus melanotus (Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit) in Kansas, 1956-57. Specimens from one hare were confirmed as Raillietina stilesiella. (J427.63.w1) It was noted that the highest percentage incidence occurred in summer. (J427.63.w1) In Lepus alleni - Antelope jackrabbit. (J469.424.w1) *Leporidotaenia cf. wimerosa* Detected in 0% of Lepus europaeus - Brown hare and in 0% of introduced Lepus granatensis - Granada hare in a lowland area of southern France, but in 5% of Lepus europaeus - Brown hare from a mountain region. (J1.43.w3) *Leporidotaenia wimerosa* Found in less than 10% of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Navarra, Spain. (J175.73.w1) Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic and the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) *Leporidotaenia pseudowimerosa* Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) Leporidotaenia sp. aff. wimerosa Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Iberian Peninsula. (J11.89.w1) *Andrya cuniculi* Found in 17.5% of Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Navarra, Spain. Greater populations (P<0.05) in lactating and pregnant females than in non-reproductive females. (J175.73.w1) Found in 3/442 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit from throughout Great Britain. (J175.49.w1) Found in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in Macaronesia (but not in the Azores). (J11.89.w1) Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic, the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia. (J11.89.w1) Found in 6% of 968 Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit during a study in Surrey, England. (J157.67.w1) Found in Lepus timidus - Mountain hare. (J469.495.w1) *Andrya rhopalocephala* Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic. (J11.89.w1) Found in Lepus timidus - Mountain hare. (J469.495.w1) *Andrya sp.* Has been detected in Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit in the Palearctic. (J11.89.w1) Schizorchis spp. Schizorchis altaica has been found in *Ochotona* spp.in Eurasia. (J515.103.w1)5 Schizorchis yamashitai and Schizorchis ryzhikovi were found in Ochotona hyperborea - Northern pika in northeastern Siberia. (J515.103.w1) Schizorchis nepalensis was found in Ochotona roylei - Royle's pika in Nepal. (J515.103.w1) Schizorchis caballeroi in 17/52 Ochotona collaris - Collared pika in southern Alaska. (J469.281.w1) Schizorchis cabelleroi were found in Ochotona collaris - Collared pika from Yukon, Canada, and in Ochotona princeps - American pika from Alberta, Canada. (J331.103.w1) *Anoplocephaloides romerolagi* described from the bile duct of wild Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit. (J469.360.w1) Anoplocephaloides sp. found in wild Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit; average two cestodes per rabbit in the intestines. (J469.360.w1) Unidentified tapeworm ova found in the faeces of Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit at Jersey Zoo. (J23.10.w4) Unidentified adult tapeworms were found in the intestines of Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit at necropsy. (J51.19.w1) An Anoplocephalidae cestode was found in the small intestines of 3/3 Pentalagus furnessi - Amami rabbit. (J469.782.w1)
Associated Techniques	Environmental Assessment History & Documentation Physical Examination of Mammals Necropsy of Mammals Clinical Pathology of Lagomorphs Treatment and Care Environmental and Population Management Preventative Medicine for Mammals Chapter 2 - B36 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases - Specimen Collection and Preservation Chapter 3 - B36 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases - Specimen shipment Appendix A - B36 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases - Sample specimen history form Oral Medication and Syringe Feeding of Rabbits
Host taxa groups /species	Lagomorphs (Order) Lepus alleni - Antelope jackrabbit Lepus californicus - Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus europaeus - Brown hare Lepus timidus - Mountain hare Lepus townsendii - White-tailed jackrabbit *Ochotona* spp. Ochotona collaris - Collared pika Ochotona hyperborea - Northern pika Ochotona princeps - American pika Ochotona roylei - Royle's pika *Oryctolagus* spp. Oryctolagus cuniculus - European rabbit Pentalagus furnessi - Amami rabbit Romerolagus diazi - Volcano rabbit *Sylvilagus* spp. Sylvilagus aquaticus - Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus audubonii - Desert cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus - Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus palustris - Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus transitionalis - New England cottontail
Disease Author	Nikki Fox BVSc MRCVS (V.w103); Dr Debra Bourne MA VetMB PhD MRCVS (V.w5)
Referees	William Lewis BVSc CertZooMed MRCVS (V.w129); Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior MA,PhD,DSc (H c: Mult) , AM(H c),DVM&S (H.c),DVMS(H.c) ,DVM(H,c) F.Med Sci.,Hon FRCVS F.Inst Biol. F.R.C.Path (H.c), DVSM, MRCVS (V.w135)

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